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Archiving: The Role of Archives in Business and Society



Authors of articles published in Wiley journals are permitted to self-archive the submitted (preprint) version of the article at any time, and may self-archive the accepted (peer-reviewed) version after an embargo period. Self-archiving is often referred to as Green Open Access.


This page details Wiley's general policy for self-archiving. Wiley's society partners may set policies independently and authors should refer to the copyright policy of their chosen journal, which can be found on Wiley Online Library or by contacting the journal. Additionally, certain funding organizations have separate agreements and authors should refer to our Funder Agreements page for details of these agreements.




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Self-archiving of the submitted version is not subject to an embargo period. We recommend including an acknowledgement of acceptance for publication and, following the final publication, authors may wish to include the following notice on the first page:


Self-archiving of the accepted version is subject to an embargo period of 12-24 months. The standard embargo period is 12 months for scientific, technical, medical, and psychology (STM) journals and 24 months for social science and humanities (SSH) journals following publication of the final article. Use our Author Compliance Tool to check the embargo period for individual journals or check their copyright policy on Wiley Online Library.


Some funders, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) have specific requirements for depositing the accepted author manuscript in a repository after an embargo period. Separate agreements with these organizations exist and the details are set out on our Funder Agreements page. Authors funded by these organizations should follow the self-archiving terms of these separate agreements.


AWS offers archive storage solutions for long term retention, compliance, and digital preservation. Amazon S3 provides you with virtually unlimited scale, 99.999999999% durability, and the highest standards of data security, all with lower costs and faster access times than on-premises tape storage. The Amazon S3 Glacier storage classes are purpose-built for data archiving, providing you with the highest performance, most retrieval flexibility, and the lowest cost archive storage in the cloud. You can now choose from three archive storage classes optimized for different access patterns and storage duration. S3 Glacier storage classes deliver cost-optimized archive storage, whether you need to access your archive data quarterly, annually, or somewhere in-between.


Simplify data archiving and eliminate operational complexities of managing on-premises tape libraries or offsite vaulting services by seamlessly replacing tape infrastructure without changing your existing backup or archiving workflows.


The vast majority of data in the world is cold. Using the Amazon S3 Glacier storage classes, businesses can safely and securely store data for years or decades without worrying about expensive and finicky tape drives or off-premises tape archival services. Learn about the unique challenges for managing cold data as well as best practices for addressing key archiving guidelines with Amazon S3 Glacier and Amazon S3 Intelligent-Tiering. Hear about different options for ingesting and restoring your data at petabyte scale while taking into consideration accessibility, cost, and different tiers of performance.


Learn about the benefits customers achieve when archiving data in AWS and why there is no better place for archive data to be than in AWS. This webinar reviews the AWS archive storage solutions for long term retention, compliance, and digital preservation. The webinar also dives into how to innovate faster by focusing your highly valuable IT resources on developing applications that differentiate your business, instead of the undifferentiated heavy lifting of managing archival data on your data centers.


NIJ requires grant recipients to archive each data set resulting in whole or in part from their funded research. Data archiving allows NIJ to ensure the preservation, availability, and transparency of data collected through its grant funded research projects. It supports the discovery, reuse, reproduction, replication, and extension of funded studies by other scientists.


NACJD primarily hosts social and behavioral science data in plain text and statistical software file formats (e.g., SPSS, SAS, Stata). NIJ recognizes that data from the natural sciences and engineering may not be appropriate in file type or field of study for archiving at NACJD. To fulfill their data archiving requirement and maximize the visibility of this data to the relevant communities, NIJ encourages these researchers to archive their data at a repository appropriate to their field of study. See Alternate Data Repositories for a list of relevant resources.


Grant recipients are strongly encouraged to submit data sets 90 days or earlier prior to the end of the award project period. NIJ may require grant recipients to modify data sets after initial submission to meet the specifications outlined in the grant program solicitation, according to archiving instructions, or due to concerns with data quality. Grant recipients are required to sufficiently address requests for modification in a timely manner, and therefore grantees should leave time within the grant award project period to make these adjustments.


Data management and archiving for all NIJ-funded projects must be consistent with OJP confidentiality and privacy requirements of 34 U.S.C. 10231(a) and 28 CFR Part 22. See Confidentiality and Privacy Protections.


Below are some resources that may be useful in identifying an appropriate data repository for archiving. Inclusion of a resource in the list below does not imply endorsement by NIJ. All Data Archiving Plans and the identified repository therein must be approved by NIJ.


We do not need a perfectly consistent file system backup as the starting point. Any internal inconsistency in the backup will be corrected by log replay (this is not significantly different from what happens during crash recovery). So we do not need a file system snapshot capability, just tar or a similar archiving tool.


pg_dump and pg_dumpall do not produce file-system-level backups and cannot be used as part of a continuous-archiving solution. Such dumps are logical and do not contain enough information to be used by WAL replay.


To enable WAL archiving, set the wal_level configuration parameter to replica or higher, archive_mode to on, specify the shell command to use in the archive_command configuration parameter or specify the library to use in the archive_library configuration parameter. In practice these settings will always be placed in the postgresql.conf file.


Another way to archive is to use a custom archive module as the archive_library. Since such modules are written in C, creating your own may require considerably more effort than writing a shell command. However, archive modules can be more performant than archiving via shell, and they will have access to many useful server resources. For more information about archive modules, see Chapter 51.


While designing your archiving setup, consider what will happen if the archive command or library fails repeatedly because some aspect requires operator intervention or the archive runs out of space. For example, this could occur if you write to tape without an autochanger; when the tape fills, nothing further can be archived until the tape is swapped. You should ensure that any error condition or request to a human operator is reported appropriately so that the situation can be resolved reasonably quickly. The pg_wal/ directory will continue to fill with WAL segment files until the situation is resolved. (If the file system containing pg_wal/ fills up, PostgreSQL will do a PANIC shutdown. No committed transactions will be lost, but the database will remain offline until you free some space.)


The speed of the archive command or library is unimportant as long as it can keep up with the average rate at which your server generates WAL data. Normal operation continues even if the archiving process falls a little behind. If archiving falls significantly behind, this will increase the amount of data that would be lost in the event of a disaster. It will also mean that the pg_wal/ directory will contain large numbers of not-yet-archived segment files, which could eventually exceed available disk space. You are advised to monitor the archiving process to ensure that it is working as you intend.


Note that although WAL archiving will allow you to restore any modifications made to the data in your PostgreSQL database, it will not restore changes made to configuration files (that is, postgresql.conf, pg_hba.conf and pg_ident.conf), since those are edited manually rather than through SQL operations. You might wish to keep the configuration files in a location that will be backed up by your regular file system backup procedures. See Section 20.2 for how to relocate the configuration files.


When wal_level is minimal some SQL commands are optimized to avoid WAL logging, as described in Section 14.4.7. If archiving or streaming replication were turned on during execution of one of these statements, WAL would not contain enough information for archive recovery. (Crash recovery is unaffected.) For this reason, wal_level can only be changed at server start. However, archive_command and archive_library can be changed with a configuration file reload. If you are archiving via shell and wish to temporarily stop archiving, one way to do it is to set archive_command to the empty string (''). This will cause WAL files to accumulate in pg_wal/ until a working archive_command is re-established.


If the backup process monitors and ensures that all WAL segment files required for the backup are successfully archived then the wait_for_archive parameter (which defaults to true) can be set to false to have pg_backup_stop return as soon as the stop backup record is written to the WAL. By default, pg_backup_stop will wait until all WAL has been archived, which can take some time. This option must be used with caution: if WAL archiving is not monitored correctly then the backup might not include all of the WAL files and will therefore be incomplete and not able to be restored. 2ff7e9595c


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